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Sources and Normative References

Source Policy

  • All references listed are primary normative, regulatory or institutional sources relevant to autonomous vehicle and robotaxi systems.
  • Sources originate exclusively from:
    • official standards bodies
    • governmental or regulatory authorities
    • primary institutional frameworks
  • No mirrors, summaries, or secondary aggregators are used.
  • Version identifiers reflect the publication state at the time of the frozen release.
  • Each source includes an explicit Role describing its relevance within the reference framework.
  • This document mirrors the reference framework published at: https://www.robotaxi.de/quellen/
  • Sources are systematically validated against audit-confirmed references and live-confirmed standards at the time of release.

Vehicle Safety

  • ISO 26262-1:2018
    Road vehicles — Functional safety
    Role: Functional safety lifecycle, hazard analysis (HARA) and approval basis for safety-critical vehicle systems in robotaxi operations.

  • ISO 21448:2022 (SOTIF)
    Safety of the Intended Functionality
    Role: Safety framework addressing perception, interpretation and decision-making limitations beyond classical system faults.

Cybersecurity & Software

  • ISO/SAE 21434:2021
    Road vehicles — Cybersecurity engineering
    Role: Cybersecurity governance across the vehicle and software lifecycle, including OTA-capable systems, intrusion resilience and audit-relevant cybersecurity processes for connected robotaxi fleets.

  • UNECE WP.29 Vehicle Regulations
    Role: Global regulatory umbrella for vehicle approval, cybersecurity governance and software lifecycle compliance.

  • UNECE Regulation No. 155
    Cyber Security
    Role: Mandatory Cybersecurity Management System (CSMS) requirements, including audit obligations for approval and ongoing fleet operation.

  • UNECE Regulation No. 156
    Software Updates
    Role: Audit-relevant requirements for Software Update Management Systems (SUMS), OTA update control, versioning and traceability.

AI Governance

  • EU Artificial Intelligence Act
    Regulation (EU) 2024/1689
    Role: Binding governance, documentation and audit obligations for high-risk AI systems, including autonomous driving functions.

  • NIST AI Risk Management Framework
    Role: Reference framework for AI risk management, transparency, accountability and auditability of complex AI-based systems.

Regulatory Authorities

  • California Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV)
    Autonomous Vehicles
    Role: Real-world regulatory practice for robotaxi deployment, including permitting, reporting and operational audits.

  • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
    Automated Vehicles for Safety
    Role: Federal safety guidance, policy frameworks and ADS governance principles (United States).

Practice References (Non-Normative)

  • Waymo — Safety and Operational Practice
    Role: Illustrative empirical evidence from large-scale, publicly disclosed robotaxi operations.
    Waymo is referenced as an example only. Comparable public disclosures exist from Cruise, Aurora and Zoox.
    No endorsement, exclusivity or normative authority is implied.

M2M / V2X Standards

  • ETSI EN 302 665
    ITS Communications Architecture
    Role: Normative basis for V2X communication architecture (ITS-G5 / C-ITS) in cooperative transport systems.

  • 3GPP — Cellular V2X (LTE / 5G NR, Release 14)
    Role: Mobile-network-based V2X and M2M standards enabling coordinated vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication.

Normative Boundary

  • No sources outside this list are considered normative within the Robotaxi Reference.
  • Inclusion does not imply endorsement beyond the explicitly stated Role.