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layout: userdoc
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title: "Introduction"
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author: Jana Trifinopoulos, Minh Bui, Nltung
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date: 2019-12-01
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date: 2024-06-26
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docid: 0
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icon: info-circle
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doctype: tutorial
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* __Efficient search algorithm__: Fast and effective stochastic algorithm to reconstruct phylogenetic trees by maximum likelihood. IQ-TREE compares favorably to RAxML and PhyML in terms of likelihood while requiring similar amount of computing time ([Nguyen et al., 2015]).
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* __Ultrafast bootstrap__: An ultrafast bootstrap approximation (UFBoot) to assess branch supports. UFBoot is 10 to 40 times faster than RAxML rapid bootstrap and obtains less biased support values ([Minh et al., 2013]; [Hoang et al., 2018]).
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* __Ultrafast model selection__: An ultrafast and automatic model selection (ModelFinder) which is 10 to 100 times faster than jModelTest and ProtTest. ModelFinder also finds best-fit partitioning scheme like PartitionFinder.
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* __Ultrafast model selection__: An ultrafast and automatic model selection (ModelFinder) which is 10 to 100 times faster than jModelTest and ProtTest. ModelFinder also finds best-fit partitioning scheme like PartitionFinder ([Kalyaanamoorthy et al., 2017]).
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* __Simulating sequences__: A fast sequence alignment simulator (AliSim) which is much more realistic than Seq-Gen and INDELible ([Ly-Trong et al., 2023]).
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* __Big Data Analysis__: Supporting huge datasets with thousands of sequences or millions of alignment sites via [checkpointing](Command-Reference#checkpointing-to-resume-stopped-run), safe numerical and low memory mode. [Multicore CPUs](Tutorial#utilizing-multi-core-cpus) and [parallel MPI system](Compilation-Guide#compiling-mpi-version) are utilized to speedup analysis.
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* __Phylogenetic testing__: Several fast branch tests like SH-aLRT and aBayes test ([Anisimova et al., 2011]) and tree topology tests like the approximately unbiased (AU) test ([Shimodaira, 2002]).
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------------
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<div class="hline"></div>
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Please refer to the [user documentation](http://www.iqtree.org/doc/) and [frequently asked questions](http://www.iqtree.org/doc/Frequently-Asked-Questions). If you have further questions, feedback, feature requests, and bug reports, please sign up the following Google group (if not done yet) and post a topic to the
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Please refer to the [user documentation](http://www.iqtree.org/doc/) and
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[frequently asked questions](http://www.iqtree.org/doc/Frequently-Asked-Questions).
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<https://groups.google.com/d/forum/iqtree>
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_The average response time is two working days._
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If you find a bug (e.g. when IQ-TREE prints a crash message) or want to request a new feature,
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please post an issue on GitHub: <https://github.com/iqtree/iqtree2/issues>. For other
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questions and feedback, please ask in GitHub discussions: <https://github.com/iqtree/iqtree2/discussions>
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Documentation
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--------------------
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<div class="hline"></div>
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> **To maintain IQ-TREE, support users and secure fundings, it is important for us that you cite the following papers, whenever the corresponding features were applied for your analysis.**
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> To maintain IQ-TREE, support users and secure fundings, it is important for us that
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> you cite the following papers, whenever the corresponding features were applied for your analysis.**
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>
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> * Example 1: *We obtained branch supports with the ultrafast bootstrap (Hoang et al., 2018) implemented in the IQ-TREE software (Nguyen et al., 2015).*
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> Example 1: We obtained branch supports with the ultrafast bootstrap (Hoang et al., 2018)
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> implemented in the IQ-TREE 2 software (Minh et al., 2020).
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>
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> * Example 2: *We inferred the maximum-likelihood tree using the edge-linked partition model in IQ-TREE (Chernomor et al., 2016; Nguyen et al., 2015).*
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> Example 2: We used IQ-TREE 2 (Minh et al., 2020) to infer the maximum-likelihood tree using the edge-linked
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> partition model (Chernomor et al., 2016).
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General citation for IQ-TREE 2:
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* B.Q. Minh, H.A. Schmidt, O. Chernomor, D. Schrempf, M.D. Woodhams, A. von Haeseler, R. Lanfear (2020)
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IQ-TREE 2: New models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era.
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*Mol. Biol. Evol.*, 37:1530-1534. <https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa015>
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When using tree mixture models (MAST) please cite:
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* T.K.F. Wong, C. Cherryh, A.G. Rodrigo, M.W. Hahn, B.Q. Minh, R. Lanfear (2024)
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MAST: Phylogenetic Inference with Mixtures Across Sites and Trees.
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_Syst. Biol._, in press. <https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syae008>
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When computing concordance factors please cite:
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If you performed the tests of symmetry, please cite:
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* Y.K. Mo, R. Lanfear, M.W. Hahn, B.Q. Minh (2023)
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Updated site concordance factors minimize effects of homoplasy and taxon sampling.
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_Bioinformatics_, 39:btac741. <https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btac741>
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* __S. Naser-Khdour, B.Q. Minh, W. Zhang, E.A. Stone, R. Lanfear__ (2019) The prevalence and pmpact of model violations in phylogenetic analysis, _Genome Biol. Evol._, in press. <https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz193>
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When using AliSim to simulate alignments please cite:
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If you used the polymorphism-aware models please cite:
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* N. Ly-Trong, S. Naser-Khdour, R. Lanfear, B.Q. Minh (2022)
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AliSim: A Fast and Versatile Phylogenetic Sequence Simulator for the Genomic Era.
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*Mol. Biol. Evol.*, 39:msac092. <https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msac092>
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* __D. Schrempf, B.Q. Minh, A. von Haeseler, and C. Kosiol__ (2019) Polymorphism-aware species trees with advanced mutation models, bootstrap, and rate heterogeneity. *Mol. Biol. Evol.*, 36:1294-1301. <https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz043>
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When estimating amino-acid Q matrix please cite:
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If you used the heterotachy model (GHOST) please cite:
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* B.Q. Minh, C. Cao Dang, L.S. Vinh, R. Lanfear (2021)
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QMaker: Fast and accurate method to estimate empirical models of protein evolution.
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_Syst. Biol._, 70:1046–1060. <https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syab010>
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* __S.M. Crotty, B.Q. Minh, N.G. Bean, B.R. Holland, J. Tuke, L.S. Jermiin, A. von Haeseler__ (2019) GHOST: Recovering historical signal from heterotachously-evolved sequence alignments. *Syst. Biol.*, in press. <https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz051>
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When using the heterotachy GHOST model "+H" please cite:
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If you performed the ultrafast bootstrap (UFBoot) please cite:
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* S.M. Crotty, B.Q. Minh, N.G. Bean, B.R. Holland, J. Tuke, L.S. Jermiin, A. von Haeseler (2020)
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GHOST: Recovering Historical Signal from Heterotachously Evolved Sequence Alignments.
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_Syst. Biol._, 69:249-264. <https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz051>
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* __D.T. Hoang, O. Chernomor, A. von Haeseler, B.Q. Minh, and L.S. Vinh__ (2018) UFBoot2: Improving the ultrafast bootstrap approximation. *Mol. Biol. Evol.*, 35:518–522. <https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx281>
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When using the tests of symmetry please cite:
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If you used posterior mean site frequency model please cite:
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* S. Naser-Khdour, B.Q. Minh, W. Zhang, E.A. Stone, R. Lanfear (2019)
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The Prevalence and Impact of Model Violations in Phylogenetic Analysis.
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*Genome Biol. Evol.*, 11:3341-3352. <https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz193>
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* __H.C. Wang, B.Q. Minh, S. Susko and A.J. Roger__ (2018) Modeling site heterogeneity with posterior mean site frequency profiles accelerates accurate phylogenomic estimation. _Syst. Biol._, 67:216-235. <https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syx068>
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When using polymorphism-aware models please cite:
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If you used ModelFinder please cite:
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* D. Schrempf, B.Q. Minh, A. von Haeseler, C. Kosiol (2019)
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Polymorphism-aware species trees with advanced mutation models, bootstrap, and rate heterogeneity.
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*Mol. Biol. Evol.*, 36:1294–1301. <https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz043>
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* __S. Kalyaanamoorthy, B.Q. Minh, T.K.F. Wong, A. von Haeseler, and L.S. Jermiin__ (2017) ModelFinder: Fast Model Selection for Accurate Phylogenetic Estimates, *Nature Methods*, 14:587–589. <https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285>
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For the ultrafast bootstrap (UFBoot) please cite:
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If you performed tree reconstruction please cite:
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* D.T. Hoang, O. Chernomor, A. von Haeseler, B.Q. Minh, and L.S. Vinh (2018)
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UFBoot2: Improving the ultrafast bootstrap approximation.
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*Mol. Biol. Evol.*, 35:518–522. <https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx281>
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* __L.-T. Nguyen, H.A. Schmidt, A. von Haeseler, and B.Q. Minh__ (2015) IQ-TREE: A fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum likelihood phylogenies. *Mol. Biol. Evol.*, 32:268-274. <https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu300>
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When using posterior mean site frequency model (PMSF) please cite:
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If you used partition models e.g., for phylogenomic analysis please cite:
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* H.C. Wang, B.Q. Minh, S. Susko, A.J. Roger (2018)
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Modeling site heterogeneity with posterior mean site frequency profiles
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accelerates accurate phylogenomic estimation.
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*Syst. Biol.*, 67:216–235. <https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syx068>
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* __O. Chernomor, A. von Haeseler, and B.Q. Minh__ (2016) Terrace aware data structure for phylogenomic inference from supermatrices. *Syst. Biol.*, 65:997-1008. <https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw037>
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When using ModelFinder please cite:
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If you used the [IQ-TREE web server](http://iqtree.cibiv.univie.ac.at/) please cite:
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* S. Kalyaanamoorthy, B.Q. Minh, T.K.F. Wong, A. von Haeseler, L.S. Jermiin (2017)
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ModelFinder: Fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates.
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*Nat. Methods*, 14:587-589. <https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285>
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* __J. Trifinopoulos, L.-T. Nguyen, A. von Haeseler, and B.Q. Minh__ (2016) W-IQ-TREE: a fast online phylogenetic tool for maximum likelihood analysis. *Nucleic Acids Res.*, 44 (W1):W232-W235. <https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw256>
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When using partition models please cite:
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* O. Chernomor, A. von Haeseler, B.Q. Minh (2016)
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Terrace aware data structure for phylogenomic inference from supermatrices.
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*Syst. Biol.*, 65:997-1008. <https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw037>
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When using IQ-TREE web server please cite:
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* J. Trifinopoulos, L.-T. Nguyen, A. von Haeseler, B.Q. Minh (2016)
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W-IQ-TREE: a fast online phylogenetic tool for maximum likelihood analysis.
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*Nucleic Acids Res.*, 44:W232-W235. <https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw256>
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When using IQ-TREE version 1 please cite:
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* L. Nguyen, H.A. Schmidt, A. von Haeseler, B.Q. Minh (2015)
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IQ-TREE: A Fast and Effective Stochastic Algorithm for Estimating Maximum-Likelihood Phylogenies.
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_Mol. Biol. and Evol._, 32:268-274. <https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu300>
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Development team
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IQ-TREE was funded by the [Austrian Science Fund](http://www.fwf.ac.at/) (grant no. I760-B17 from 2012-2015 and I 2508-B29 from 2016-2017), the [University of Vienna](https://www.univie.ac.at/) (Initiativkolleg I059-N from 2012-2015), the [Australian National University](https://www.anu.edu.au) (2018-onwards), [Chan-Zuckerberg Initiative](https://chanzuckerberg.com) (2020).
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[Ly-Trong et al., 2023]: https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btad540
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[Anisimova et al., 2011]: https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syr041
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[Guindon et al., 2010]: https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syq010
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[Hoang et al., 2018]: https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx281
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[Kalyaanamoorthy et al., 2017]: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285
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[Minh et al., 2013]: https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst024
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[Nguyen et al., 2015]: https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu300
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[Schrempf et al., 2016]: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.07.042

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