GH-49676: [Python][Packaging] Fix gRPC docker image layer being too big for hcsshim on Windows (#49678)

### Rationale for this change

The docker base docker image which installs all the vcpkg dependencies to build Windows wheels was failing to commit the layer for gRPC due to size.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Two separate fixes that independently fix the issue:
- Patch vcpkg for Windows to remove unconditional `/Z7`
- Use D:/ drive instead of C:/ as it has bigger size for Docker storage

### Are these changes tested?

Yes via archery

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No

* GitHub Issue: #49676

Lead-authored-by: Raúl Cumplido <raulcumplido@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Bryce Mecum <petridish@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Raúl Cumplido <raulcumplido@gmail.com>

Author: raulcd

ci/docker/python-wheel-windows-vs2022-base.dockerfile

@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ ENV CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${build_type} `
   VCPKG_DEFAULT_TRIPLET=amd64-windows-static-md-${build_type} `
   VCPKG_FEATURE_FLAGS="manifests"
 COPY ci/vcpkg/vcpkg.json arrow/ci/vcpkg/
+
 # cannot use the S3 feature here because while aws-sdk-cpp=1.9.160 contains
 # ssl related fixes as well as we can patch the vcpkg portfile to support
 # arm machines it hits ARROW-15141 where we would need to fall back to 1.8.186

ci/vcpkg/vcpkg.patch

@@ -1,3 +1,14 @@
+diff --git a/scripts/toolchains/windows.cmake b/scripts/toolchains/windows.cmake
+index 3cc90cc..36af495 100644
+--- a/scripts/toolchains/windows.cmake
++++ b/scripts/toolchains/windows.cmake
+@@ -88,4 +88,4 @@ if(NOT _VCPKG_WINDOWS_TOOLCHAIN)
+     set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG "${VCPKG_CRT_LINK_FLAG_PREFIX}d /Z7 /Ob0 /Od /RTC1 ${VCPKG_C_FLAGS_DEBUG}" CACHE STRING "")
+-    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE "${VCPKG_CRT_LINK_FLAG_PREFIX} /O2 /Oi /Gy /DNDEBUG /Z7 ${VCPKG_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE}" CACHE STRING "")
+-    set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE "${VCPKG_CRT_LINK_FLAG_PREFIX} /O2 /Oi /Gy /DNDEBUG /Z7 ${VCPKG_C_FLAGS_RELEASE}" CACHE STRING "")
++    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE "${VCPKG_CRT_LINK_FLAG_PREFIX} /O2 /Oi /Gy /DNDEBUG ${VCPKG_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE}" CACHE STRING "")
++    set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE "${VCPKG_CRT_LINK_FLAG_PREFIX} /O2 /Oi /Gy /DNDEBUG ${VCPKG_C_FLAGS_RELEASE}" CACHE STRING "")
+ 
 diff --git a/scripts/cmake/vcpkg_execute_build_process.cmake b/scripts/cmake/vcpkg_execute_build_process.cmake
 index 60fd5b587a..c8dc021af8 100644
 --- a/scripts/cmake/vcpkg_execute_build_process.cmake

dev/tasks/python-wheels/github.windows.yml

@@ -57,6 +57,28 @@ jobs:
           esac
           echo "TEST_IMAGE_PREFIX=${test_image_prefix}" >> ${GITHUB_ENV}
 
+      - name: Configure Docker data-root
+        shell: powershell
+        run: |
+          # The D: drive on windows-2022 GH Actions runners has ~44GB free vs ~14GB on C:.
+          # Moving Docker's data-root to D: prevents hcsshim::ImportLayer failures when
+          # building large Windows container layers (e.g. the vcpkg install layer). GH-49676
+          Stop-Service docker
+          $daemonJson = "C:\ProgramData\Docker\config\daemon.json"
+          New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path (Split-Path $daemonJson) | Out-Null
+          if (Test-Path $daemonJson) {
+            $json = Get-Content $daemonJson | ConvertFrom-Json
+            $json | Add-Member -Force -NotePropertyName "data-root" -NotePropertyValue "D:\docker"
+            $json | ConvertTo-Json -Depth 10 | Set-Content $daemonJson
+          } else {
+            Set-Content $daemonJson -Value '{"data-root":"D:\docker"}'
+          }
+          Start-Service docker
+          Write-Host "=== daemon.json ==="
+          Get-Content $daemonJson
+          Write-Host "=== docker info ==="
+          docker info
+
       - name: Build wheel
         shell: cmd
         run: |